I.A    INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

I.A.1   Introduction
I.A.2   Age
I.A.3   Gender
I.A.4   Anthropometry
I.A.4.a   Upper-Extremity MSDs
I.A.4.b   Low-Back Disorders

I.A.5   Physical Activity
I.A.6   Strength
I.A.7   Smoking

I.A.7.a   Upper-Extremity MSDs
I.A.7.b   Low-Back Disorders

I.A.8   Vitamins
I.A.9   Miscellaneous
I.A.10 References

I.B    EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NECK AND UPPER-BACK MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

I.B.1   Introduction
I.B.1.a   Neck and Upper-Back Pain in Workers
I.B.1.b   Definitions of Neck Disorders

I.B.2   Epidemiological Research of Physical Factors Associated With Neck Disorders and Pain in Workers

I.B.2.a   Conclusions From Previous Reviews of the Literature
I.B.2.b   Search Methods and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria for This Review
I.B.2.c   Studies Specifically Assessing the Neck and/or Upper-Back Region
I.B.2.d   Neck/Shoulder (Not Intended To Include the Glenohumeral Joint, Does Include Region Covered by Descending part of Trapezius)
I.B.2.e   Summary

I.B.3   Experimental Research of Physical Factors Associated With Neck and Neck/Shoulder Disorders and Pain

I.B.3.a   Static Seated Work: Keyboarding and Pointing Device Use
I.B.3.b   Static Work/Sustained Postures
I.B.3.c   Repetitive Work
I.B.3.d   Active Seated Work
I.B.3.e   Summary

I.B.4   Additional Factors Associated With Neck or Upper-Back Disorders and Pain

I.B.4.a   Psychosocial or Psychological Factors
I.B.4.b   Personal Factors

I.B.5   Summary
I.B.6   References

I.C    EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOWER-EXTREMITY MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

I.C.1   Introduction
I.C.2   Osteoarthritis
I.C.3   Venous Pooling
I.C.4   Vibration Syndrome
I.C.5   Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
I.C.6   References

II.A    A REVIEW OF BIOMECHANICAL AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ON RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-BACK PAIN

II.A.1   Introduction
II.A.1.a   Biomechanical Approaches to Studying Risk Factors
II.A.1.b   Psychophysical Approaches to Ergonomics Research

II.A.2   Biomechanical Factors In Work-Related Low-Back Pain

II.A.2.a   Static Whole-Body Kinematic Models
II.A.2.b   Dynamic Whole-Body Biomechanical Models

II.A.3   Psychophysical Studies of Manual Materials Handling

II.A.3.a   The Liberty Mutual Studies (Two-Handed Tasks Performed Over an 8-Hour Shift)
II.A.3.b   Studies of Two-Handed Tasks During 12-Hour Work Shifts
II.A.3.c   Studies of Asymmetric Lifting
II.A.3.d   Studies of the Effects of Handles and Container Shape
II.A.3.e   Studies of Maximum Acceptable Weights in Restricted Work Postures
II.A.3.f   Comparison of Psychophysical Findings to Other Criteria for Job Design
II.A.3.g   Summary of Psychophysical Studies of Manual Materials Handling

II.A.4   Summary of Biomechanical and Psychophysical Studies of Risk Factors Related to Low-Back Pain
II.A.5   References

II.B    A REVIEW OF BIOMECHANICAL AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL RESEARCH ON RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UPPER-EXTREMITY DISORDERS

II.B.1   Introduction
II.B.2   Biomechanical Studies of Upper-Extremity Disorders
II.B.2.a   Static Biomechanical Models of the Wrist
II.B.2.b   Dynamic Biomechanical Models of the Wrist
II.B.2.c   Biomechanical Studies of Intra-Carpal Pressure
II.B.2.d   Summary of Biomechanical Models and Intra-Carpal Pressure Studies

II.B.3   Psychophysical Studies of Generic Hand Activities

II.B.3.a   One-Handed Transfer Tasks
II.B.3.b   Maximum Acceptable Torque During Repetitive Wrist Motions
II.B.3.c   Maximum Pinch Force and Pinch Frequency
II.B.3.d   Summary -- Psychophysical Studies of Generic Hand Activities

II.B.4   Laboratory Studies of Specific Tasks and Tools

II.B.4.a   Pneumatic-Powered Hand Tools -- Threaded Fasteners and Drills
II.B.4.b   Laboratory Studies of Keyboarding Tasks
II.B.4.c   Laboratory Studies of Gloves
II.B.4.d   Lab Studies of Shoulder and Neck Posture

II.B.5   Summary of Biomechanical and Psychophysical Studies of Risk Factors Related to Upper-Extremity Disorders
II.B.6   References

III.A    LOW-BACK DISORDERS

III.A.1 Overview
III.A.1.a   Epidemiology and Sources of Low-Back Pain

III.A.2   Anatomy
III.A.3   Soft Tissue/Mechanical Low-Back Disorders

III.A.3.a   Static Loading
III.A.3.b   Dynamic Loading
III.A.3.c   Postural Issues
III.A.3.d   Muscle Velocity and Acceleration
III.A.3.e   Vibration

III.A.4   Three-Joint Complex (Disc and Two Facets) and the Nerve Root

III.A.4.a   Brief Epidemiology and Theories on Etiologies of Pain
III.A.4.b   Disc Anatomy and Biochemistry
III.A.4.c   Disc Biomechanics
III.A.4.d   Pathogenesis
III.A.4.e   Vibration

III.A.5   Arthritis/Spondylosis
III.A.6   References

III.B    NECK DISORDERS

III.B.1   Overview
III.B.1.a   Epidemiology

III.B.2   Anatomy and Sources of Neck Pain
III.B.3   Soft Tissue/Mechanical Neck Disorders

III.B.3.a   Static and Dynamic Loading
III.B.3.b   Piece Work and Pacing
III.B.3.c   Posture
III.B.3.d   Vibration

III.B.4   Three-Joint Complex and Nerve Roots

III.B.4.a   Brief Epidemiology and Theories on Etiologies of Pain
III.B.4.b   Disc Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biomechanics
III.B.4.c   Pathogenesis
III.B.4.d   Vibration

III.B.5   Arthritis/Spondylosis
III.B.6   References

III.C    UPPER-EXTREMITY DISORDERS

III.C.1   Overview
III.C.2   Rotator Cuff Disorders
III.C.2.a   Theories of Pathogenesis
III.C.2.b   References

III.C.3   Cutibal Tunnel Syndrome

III.C.3.a   History
III.C.3.b   Anatomy
III.C.3.c   Pathology
III.C.3.d   Descriptive Epidemiology
III.C.3.e   Clinical Observations on Etiology
III.C.3.f   Analytic Epidemiological Studies
III.C.3.g   Historical Observations on Pathogenesis
III.C.3.h   Proposed Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
III.C.3.i   References

III.C.4   Epicondylitis ("Tennis Elbow")

III.C.4.a   Normal Anatomy and Kinesiology
III.C.4.b   Pathology
III.C.4.c   Pathophysiology
III.C.4.d   Clinical Observations on Etiology
III.C.4.e   Descriptive Epidemiology
III.C.4.f   Analytic Epidemiological Studies
III.C.4.g   Experimental Results
III.C.4.h   Historical Theories of Pathogenesis
III.C.4.i   Models of Pathogenesis
III.C.4.j   References

III.C.5   Peritendinitis

III.C.5.a   Normal Anatomy
III.C.5.b   Pathology
III.C.5.c   Pathophysiology
III.C.5.d   Clinical Observations on Etiology
III.C.5.e   Descriptive Epidemiology
III.C.5.f   Historical Models of Pathogenesis
III.C.5.g   Experimental Results
III.C.5.h   Proposed Models of Pathogenesis
III.C.5.i   References

III.C.6   First Dorsal Compartment Tendon Entrapment

III.C.6.a   Normal Anatomy and Kinesiology
III.C.6.b   Pathology
III.C.6.c   Pathophysiology
III.C.6.d   Clinical Observations on Etiology
III.C.6.e   Experimental Results
III.C.6.f   Historical Theories of Pathogenesis
III.C.6.g   Proposed Theories of Pathogenesis
III.C.6.h   References

III.C.7   Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

III.C.7.a   Pathology
III.C.7.b   Pathophysiology
III.C.7.c   Proposed Models of Pathogenesis
III.C.7.d   References

III.C.8   Digital Flexor Tendon Entrapment

III.C.8.a   Normal Anatomy
III.C.8.b   Biomechanics
III.C.8.c   Pathology
III.C.8.d   Pathophysiology
III.C.8.e   Clinical Observations on Etiology
III.C.8.f   Experimental Results
III.C.8.g   Descriptive Epidemiology
III.C.8.h   Epidemiological Studies
III.C.8.i   Models of Pathogenesis
III.C.8.j   References

III.D    LOWER-EXTREMITY DISORDERS

III.D.1   Overview
III.D.2   Osteoarthritis
III.D.2.a   Characteristics of Osteoarthritis
III.D.2.b   Signs and Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
III.D.2.c   Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis
III.D.2.d   Proposed Models of Osteoarthritis Development
III.D.2.e   Repetitive Trauma and the Joint

III.D.3   References